BERLIN (AP) — Jürgen Habermas, whose work on communication, rationality and sociology made him one of the world’s most influential philosophers and a key intellectual figure in his native Germany, has died. He was 96.

Habermas’ publisher, Suhrkamp, said he died on Saturday in Starnberg, near Munich.

Habermas frequently weighed in on political matters over several decades. His extensive writing crossed the boundaries of academic and philosophical disciplines, providing a vision of modern society and social interaction. His best-known works included the two-volume “Theory of Communicative Action.”

He was born with a cleft palate that required repeated operations as a child, an experience that helped inform his later thinking about language.

Habermas said he had experienced the importance of spoken language as “a layer of commonality without which we as individuals cannot exist” and recalled struggling to make himself understood. He also spoke of the “superiority of the written word” and said that “the written form conceals the flaws of the oral.”

NUEVA LOJA, Ecuador (AP) — Standing beside a stream stained dark with oil in Ecuador’s northern Amazon, an Indigenous woman shook her head in disbelief as she stared at the oily sheen drifting across the water and broken pipes cutting through the forest. Nearby, gas flares burned above the treetops.

Julia Catalina Chumbi, a 76-year-old leader from the Shuar ethnic group in the southern Amazon province of Pastaza, had traveled hundreds of miles to see the damage for herself — the legacy of decades of oil and gas production in the northeastern province of Sucumbios.

“Everything is contaminated, even the air,” she said quietly.

Moments earlier, she had learned something that shocked her. In communities near the oil fields in Sucumbios, residents can no longer safely drink from local rivers and instead must buy water because of contamination and health fears.

“Seeing this makes me want to cry,” she said, adding that in her territory rivers are still drinkable.

Chumbi was among about 30 Indigenous women from across Ecuador’s Amazon who traveled to the region on what activists call a toxitour, visiting oil fields, pipelines and gas flaring sites to see firsthand the environmental and health impacts of extraction. Organizers said the trip aimed to connect women from areas facing proposed oil projects with communities that have lived alongside the industry for decades. Because many oil blocks overlap Indigenous territories, communities are often among the first to experience contamination of rivers, forests and food sources.

The women — representing seven Indigenous communities — gathered for several days in the city of Nueva Loja for workshops to share experiences and discuss the growing threat of oil expansion in their territories.

Nueva Loja is widely known as Lago Agrio, a name workers from U.S. oil company Texaco gave the settlement in the 1960s after the Texas oil town of Sour Lake. The city later became the center of Ecuador’s early Amazon oil boom.

A warning from the oil fields

The women traveled by bus, passing seemingly endless oil pipelines that snake along the roadside. Their destination was the Libertador oil field, operated by Ecuador’s state oil company Petroecuador. Once there, they made banners to carry during the walk, including one that read: “Amazon free from oil and mining.” The Associated Press was present as they quietly entered parts of the oil-producing area to witness the impacts firsthand. Polluted streams ran near pipelines and well sites, vegetation appeared contaminated and wildlife was notably absent.

Standing nearby in front of a roaring gas flare, Salome Aranda, 43, from the Kichwa community of Morete Cocha in Ecuador’s central Amazon province of Pastaza, wore elaborate face paint across her cheeks and forehead.

Aranda said the visit allowed her to see impacts she is rarely able to observe near oil operations in her own territory.

“In our area we are not allowed to enter,” she said.

Seeing the contamination up close confirmed concerns she already had about oil activity near her community.

“The animals are disappearing and the crops no longer grow the same,” she said.

After the tour, the women returned to Nueva Loja, where they spent hours in workshops and group discussions reflecting on what they had seen and sharing experiences from their own territories. By the end of the meetings, they had begun outlining strategies to s trengthen resistance to potential new oil concessions in their regions.

A looming expansion

“Women in the north have already lived through more than 50 years of oil exploitation,” Natalia Yepes, a legal adviser for Amazon Watch in Ecuador, told AP at the workshop. “The idea is that those experiences and lessons can be shared with women from the center and south who are now facing these new threats.”

Last year, Ecuador’s government unveiled a sweeping “hydrocarbon road map” proposing a major expansion of the country’s oil and gas sector, worth about $47 billion and new licensing rounds for exploration blocks in the Amazon and other regions. Many of them are located in the provinces of Pastaza and Napo, where Indigenous communities live.

Officials say the plan is designed to modernize the industry, attract foreign investment and boost oil production.

But environmental groups and Indigenous leaders say the projects could open large areas of rainforest to drilling, pipelines and gas flaring. They also warn that many communities have not given the free, prior and informed consent required under Ecuador’s constitution and international human rights agreements.

Ecuador’s Ministry of Energy and Mines did not respond to a request for comment.

The debate over fossil fuel expansion in the Amazon is also expected to feature at an international conference in Santa Marta, Colombia, in April. The meeting will bring together governments, Indigenous leaders and civil society groups to discuss pathways to transition away from oil, gas and coal following last year’s U.N. climate summit in Belem, Brazil.

Indigenous resistance

For some women on the tour, the visit reinforced battles they are already fighting at home.

Dayuma Nango, 39, vice president of the Association of Waorani Women of Ecuador, said the contamination she saw strengthened her determination to keep oil companies out of Waorani territory.

“Our forest is our mother,” said Nango, who has received death threats for her advocacy. “That’s why we protect it.”

The Waorani have already fought major oil developments in Ecuador’s Amazon. In 2019, Indigenous leaders won a landmark court ruling that blocked oil drilling in Block 22 in Pastaza after judges found the government had failed to properly consult communities as required under Ecuadorian law. In a separate decision in 2023, Ecuadorian voters approved a referendum to halt oil drilling in Block 43 inside Yasuní National Park, an area that overlaps with Waorani ancestral territory.

After seeing the pollution in Sucumbios, Nango said she fears her community could face similar consequences if new projects move forward.

“We don’t want to live the same story that our brothers and sisters are living here,” she said.

Toa Alvarado, 30, a Kichwa leader from the Pastaza province, said the visit also strengthened her determination to protect her territory. She recalled how her late father, a longtime community leader, once stood in the middle of a road holding a spear to stop a group of gold miners from entering their land.

“He told me our generation may be the last with the chance to protect our territories from contamination,” she said.

The following day, many of the women who joined the toxitour gathered in the Amazon city of Puyo for International Women’s Day demonstrations.

“Today is about reporting to the world about the violation of rights that us Indigenous women have to endure — specifically the rights of nature,” said Ruth Peñafiel, 59, from a Kichwa community in Ecuador’s northern Amazon.

“We want to live in a healthy environment and in harmony with the forest,” she said.

For Chumbi, the visit to Sucumbios reinforced the message she plans to bring home to her Shuar community, deep in the Amazon.

“What we are going to do is fight,” she said, referring to the possibility of oil drilling in her territory. “Even if it costs us our lives.” ___

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KAMPALA, Uganda (AP) — Ugandan opposition leader Bobi Wine said on Saturday he fled the country to escape a military search for him in the aftermath of a disputed presidential election.

Wine, whose real name is Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, went into hiding shortly after the Jan. 15 presidential election. Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni won the election with 71.6% of the vote, according to official results that Wine rejects as fake.

Wine’s location has been unknown to the general public for weeks, with growing concern for his safety after the army chief, Gen. Muhoozi Kainerugaba, repeatedly posted threats against him on social platform X.

Kainerugaba, the president’s son and presumptive heir, has suggested Wine is wanted for unspecified crimes. Ugandan police say they are not looking for him.

In a video message posted on X on Saturday, an unshaven Wine said he managed to leave Uganda but did not reveal where he went.

“Fellow Ugandans and friends of Uganda all over the world, by the time you see this video I will have left the country for some critical engagements outside Uganda,” he said. “And at the right time I will come back and continue with the cause. I thank all of you fellow Ugandans who have concealed and protected me for all this time when the regime was looking for me.”

He said it was impossible for Ugandan security operatives to find him “because the people have protected me.”

Ugandan soldiers raided Wine’s house the day after the Jan. 15 vote, but the opposition leader had already gone into hiding, fearing for his life after campaigning for weeks in helmet and flak jacket at rallies where security forces were a constant presence.

The hunt for Wine is being led by Kainerugaba, who has called Wine a “baboon” and a “terrorist.” Kainerugaba has a yearslong habit of posting offensive tweets, which he often deletes later.

Wine, the most prominent of seven candidates who ran against Museveni, has a large following among young people in urban areas, many of them unemployed or angry with the government over official corruption and the lack of economic opportunities. Many want to see political change after four decades of the same leader.

In May, the 81-year-old Museveni will be sworn in for a seventh term that would bring him closer to five decades in power.

His supporters credit him for the relative peace and stability that has made Uganda home to hundreds of thousands fleeing violence elsewhere in this part of Africa. But opposition figures, including some who previously were his close allies, condemn what they see as a descent into authoritarianism.